The Issue and Impact on Economy of Aquatic Invasive Species in the USA

Abstract

Author: Ewelina Zielinska-Thomas

Aquatic invasive species pose a growing threat in the United States, leading to severe ecological disruption and significant economic losses. These non-native organisms, introduced intentionally or unintentionally through global trade, ballast water, aquaculture, or military transport, damage ecosystems by outcompeting native species and altering habitats. Industries such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, power production, and water treatment face rising costs in prevention, mitigation, and infrastructure damage—estimates range from millions to billions of dollars annually.

Despite their growing impact, few comprehensive economic studies exist. Government reports by the Office of Technology Assessment (1993) and researchers like Pimentel et al. (2000, 2001) estimate annual damages up to $138 billion, though these figures often rely on anecdotal evidence due to limited empirical data. Notable examples include the Zebra Mussel, which has caused billions in damage to power plants and water systems, and the Sea Lamprey, which continues to disrupt Great Lakes fisheries.

Economic models suggest that controlling invasive species should be treated as a public good, requiring coordinated government action. However, due to regional differences and species-specific impacts, no single policy fits all cases. A systematic, standardized method of estimating costs and evaluating interventions remains critical for effective policy development.