Costly Impact of Zebra and Quagga Mussels in Hyrdropower Waterways

Abstract

Publication: Lake and Reservoir Management

Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and Quagga Mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) are invasive freshwater species that have rapidly spread across U.S. waterways since their arrival in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Known for their prolific reproduction and tendency to attach to hard and soft surfaces, these mussels create significant problems for hydropower plants, water treatment facilities, municipal systems, fish hatcheries, and recreational boating. Their colonies, often dense and fast-growing, clog intake structures and raw water systems, leading to operational disruptions, costly repairs, and decreased energy output. For example, a single USACE hydroelectric facility reported over $700,000 in annual losses due to mussel biofouling.

Beyond infrastructure damage, these mussels alter aquatic ecosystems by outcompeting native species and changing water chemistry and clarity. Their spread is largely attributed to ballast water discharge from ships and recreational watercraft moving between infested and uninfested waters.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), in partnership with other agencies, is working to prevent infestations and reduce existing impacts using treatments like ultraviolet light and copper ion infusion, as well as coatings that prevent attachment. Public education and vessel inspections are also vital in protecting vulnerable waterways, especially in regions like the Columbia River Basin, which remain mussel-free.